Social mobility in Portugal (1860–1960): operative issues and trends

This article presents the results of a study of social mobility in Portugal from the 1860s to the 1960s. Four distinct social contexts were examined by reference to selected criteria, and marriage records were used as the source for data collection and analysis. The HISCO coding scheme was followed to allow comparisons of intergenerational mobility, stratification, and social change. We present the methodological and operative issues inherent in the hermeneutics of the sources used, identifying difficulties in the process of coding arising from the use of a common language to locate individuals in society. We shall offer an opinion on the pace of Portuguese social mobility during the period. La mobilité sociale au Portugal (1860–1960): résultats et tendances Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une enquête sur la mobilité sociale au Portugal des années 1860 aux années 1960. Nous avons enquêté sur quatre contextes sociaux différents, selon des critères que nous avons choisis; nous avons aussi recouru aux registres de mariage comme sources de données et d'analyses. Nous avons adopté le code HISCO qui nous permet une étude comparative de la mobilité intergénérationnelle, de la stratification et des changements sociaux. Nous présentons les problèmes tant méthodologiques qu'opératoires liés à l'herméneutique des sources utilisées, tout en relevant les difficultés provenant de la procédure de codage qui utilise un langage généraliste pour situer des individus au sein de la société. Nous donnerons notre point de vue sur le rythme de la mobilité sociale au Portugal durant cette période. Soziale Mobilität in Portugal (1860–1960): operative Fragen und Trends In dieser Aufsatz werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur sozialen Mobilität in Portugal von den 1860er zu den 1960er Jahren mitgeteilt. Mit Hilfe ausgewählter Kriterien wurden vier unterschiedliche soziale Kontexte untersucht, wobei als Quelle für die Datenerhebung und -analyse Heiratsakten benutzt wurden. Um Vergleiche der intergenerationalen Mobilität, der sozialen Schichtung und des sozialen Wandels zu ermöglichen, wurde das HISCO-Kodierungsschema verwendet. Wir legen die methodologischen und operativen Probleme offen, die der Hermeneutik der benutzten Quellen innewohnen, und benennen die Schwierigkeiten bei der Kodierung, die aus der Verwendung einer gemeinsamen Sprache erwachsen, um Individuen in der Gesellschaft zu lokalisieren. Wir äußern auch eine Einschätzung zum Tempo der sozialen Mobilität in Portugal im Untersuchungszeitraum

Elites e Indústria no Alentejo (1890-1960): Um estudo sobre o comportamento económico de grupos de elite em contexto regional no Portugal contemporâneo

Este livro analisa o comportamento económico das elites face à actividade industrial no Alentejo entre os finais do século XIX e meados do século XX. Apesar de se afirmar, neste período, a vocação agrária desta região, diferentes actores foram responsáveis pelo seu desenvolvimento industrial, integrando a economia alentejana no espaço nacional e mundial. A par das empresas de média e de grande dimensão, orientadas para a exportação de matérias-primas ou de produtos semi-preparados para a indústria moderna, persiste uma multidão de oficinas que viviam ancoradas em bens de consumo regional. Na actividade mineira, na exploração de pedreiras, na indústria corticeira, moageira ou têxtil participaram grupos com diferentes interesses e ligações ao Alentejo, entre os quais as próprias elites agrárias e comerciais aqui radicadas. O seu papel no desenvolvimento da actividade bancária e seguradora é realçado, bem como o comportamento destas instituições. A grande exploração agrícola do sul, extensiva e latifundiária, quer pelas matérias-primas que fornecia às indústrias, quer pelos seus consumos, estruturou esse tecido e definiu os limites do crescimento industrial. No século XX criaram-se novas oportunidades de negócio e, durante o Estado Novo, novos actores aparecem. Os industriais afirmam-se então como um grupo social distinto. ------- This book analyses the economic behaviour of the agrarian elites towards the industrial business in Alentejo (South Portugal) between the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century. Although Alentejo was defined as an agrarian region, different actors promoted industrial development, integrating the regional economy in the national and global market economy. Besides the middle and large firms that produced raw materials and semi-processed goods for the industrialized economies, there was a multitude of small firms producing consumer goods for local and regional markets. In the mining and quarry industries, in the cork and food processing industries or in the textile business, there were different groups having different relations with the regional agrarian and commercial elite. His role in banking and insurance business is emphasized as their strategic behaviour. The large capitalist farming of the South Mediterranean structured that economy providing raw materials to the industry and defined the limits of the regional economic growth. In the 20th century, new business opportunities and actors appeared. Te industrialista became a distinctive social group. This book is written in Portuguese and is based on the author's PhD. thesis

Crédito Agrícola

A institucionalização das caixas de crédito agrícola, a par do ensino agrícola, foi considerada uma das medidas mais importantes do período republicano por aqueles que pugnavam pelo desenvolvimento da agricultura portuguesa. Nesta nota apresenta-se a criação e o alcance desta instituição em Portugal continental, nas ilhas adjacentes e nas suas antigas colónias. = The creation of "Caixas de Crédito Agrícola", the agricultural banking system supported by the republicans, was considered one of the most important initiatives of the republican government to promote the agricultural development in the country. In this historical note, we describe the creation and the evolution and the achievements of this institution in Portugal and in his former colonies

Estatística Industrial

Neste texto analisa-se criticamente as estatísticas industriais produzidas em Portugal desde finais do século XIX e durante a Primeira República. O texto salienta o esforço administrativo desenvolvido na área da administração industrial pelo Estado republicano, bem como os limitados meios que dispunha para a fiscalização e controlo da actividade industrial, facto que se reflectiu na qualidade dos dados que foram publicados. = In this text we analize criticaly the industrial surveys and data produced in Portugal since the end of the 19th century and during the First Republic (1911-1926). The text emphasizes the effort made by the republican administration to supervise and promote the industrial growth, and the limited means they had for that task with is reflected in the quality of the data available today

Serviços Industriais Oficiais

Breve nota histórica sobre a administração industrial em Portugal desde os finais do século XIX, com especial ênfase para a organização dos serviços industriais durante a Primeira República. = Brief historical note about the industrial administration in Portugal since the end of the 19th century with special concern on the industrial policies during the First Republic

Cercados y persguidos: La Confederação Geral do Trabalho (CGT) en los últimos años del sindicalsimo revolucionario em Portugal (1926-1938)

Este artigo descreve o processo político de esboroamento do sindicalismo revolucionário em Portugal, bem como os desafios os anarco-sindicalista tiveram que enfrentar a partir de meados dos anos '20 do século XX. A análise é sustentada por fontes primárias e dá ênfase à concorrência ideológica e ao conflito com os comunistas que se desenvolve num contexto de crescente repressão policial e de reforço do poder patronal. // This article describes the political process that weakened the syndicalist organization in Portugal since the middle of the 1920s,and the fierce challenges that anarchists and syndicalists had to face during the dictatorship . The analysis is supported by primary sources and emphasized the competition and the conflict with the comunists that have grown at a time of growing political repression and reinforcement of the power of the bosses

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS IN THE PYRITES MINING INDUSTRY IN PORTUGAL (1850-1930)

During the second half of the 19th century, the development of the mining industry in Portugal was export oriented and led by foreign capitals. Those mining enterprises used local vital resources, changed landscapes and became a source of air and water pollution and of social conflicts. In this paper we analyze three environmental conflicts derived from the environmental disruption due to the modern development of the pyrites mining industry in Portugal during the long period of material progress and relative prosperity (_Regeneração_) and the New State. Considering the facts shown by local records, parliamentary papers and State archives, we have reconstructed some of those conflicts, identifying social actors, strategies and forms of resolution. The comparison between open conflicts across distinctive social and geographic contexts and time periods have shown different and recurrent behaviour and bargaining strategies by landowners, peasants, fishermen and mining companies within the unequal relationship established between them and the Liberal State in order to face the environmental damages created by the mining and metallurgical industry. We show that the different group strategies were the result of the highly unequal power distribution, and of the resources they were able to mobilize. The State action was presented- and understood- as mediator and regulator. Within this framework, the large landowners promoted the parliamentary debate as a privileged form of intervention in defense of their interests during the First Republic (1910-1926). The legal framework that resulted from this experience did not reinforce the bargaining power of landowners and farmers in such way to enable them to effectively fight against the mining and industrial interests often promoted by foreign companies

Environmental Conflicts in Mining, Quarrying and Metallurgical Industries in the Iberian Peninsula (19th and 20th Century): Pollution and Popular Protest

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS IN MINING, QUARRYING, AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (19TH AND 20TH CENTURY): POLLUTION AND PUBLIC PROTEST. Paulo E. Guimarães, NICPRI / University of Évora (Portugal) J. D. Pérez Cebada, Universidad of Huelva (Spain) Comparative and transnational analyses of social conflicts, related to the environmental changes produced by modern and contemporary mining industries, have been a topic of growing academic interest for the last two decades. Those conflicts were often presented in different contexts as anti-modern peasant protests, indigenous resistance, or conflicts of interest and as a cause for social disruption. In the Iberian Peninsula, the more important mining basins were affected by the three classical types of pollution (atmospheric, water and soil pollution). Pollution also triggered persistent conflicts between mining companies and diverse social groups: rural communities, mining workers, scientists, sanitary professionals, and especially farmers and landowners. The former groups sometimes combined their forces, whereas the latter fought on their own. This panel has gathered recent contributions on the environmental changes produced by the development of the mining industry in the Iberian Peninsula during the last two centuries and how it related with conflict and social change at community level and at the national and transnational levels

Congressos e Exposições Industriais

Nota histórica sobre os congressos e exposições industriais que decorreram durante a Primeira República, considerando a sua organização, actores, motivações e alcance. = Brief historical note about the industrial congresses and exhibitions that took place during the First Republic (1911-1926), considering its organization, the promoters, motivations and achievements

Legislação Laboral

Breve nota história sobre a legislação laboral promulgada durante a Primeira República e os esforços desenvolvidos para a sua aplicação = Brief historical note about the labor laws published during the First Republic and about the efforts made for law enforcement